Can Nuclear Fusion Contribute to a Net-Zero Energy Supply? Opportunities, Challenges and Timeframes (2024)

We are currently witnessing a fresh surge of interest in nuclear fusion, not least because of its supposed potential to contribute to a future net-zero energy supply. In nuclear fusion, light atomic nuclei merge to form new chemical elements. Energy is also released in the form of heat which can be used to produce electricity. However, the reaction does not emit greenhouse gases.

Expert opinion is divided as to what is the best technology approach, when the first nuclear fusion power plant could start operating and the role fusion starts-up can play.

In this publication, the Academies’ Project “Energy Systems of the Future” (ESYS) presents an overview of nuclear fusion. The opportunities and challenges are discussed and the following questions addressed:

• What is the current state of nuclear fusion research?
• Which challenges must still be overcome before a fusion power plant can start operating?
• How can nuclear fusion be integrated with the German energy system?

The publication concludes that there is no guarantee of nuclear fusion’s commercial viability. The experts estimate that it will be at least 20 to 25 years before the first prototype or commercial power plant starts operating. This means that nuclear fusion will not make a key contribution to meeting Germany’s 2045 climate targets. It follows that fusion technology cannot be a substitute for the expansion of renewable energy and other climate-friendly solutions in the medium term. In the longer term, however, nuclear fusion could contribute to a net-zero energy supply.